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通过室内试验，对大粒径（2.0 ～ 3.2 mm）、中粒径（1.0 ～ 2.0 mm）和小粒径（0.5 ～ 1 mm）3 种粒径保水剂的吸水特性进行了测定，同时对施加不同粒径保水剂前后的沙质土壤的理化性质进行对比分析。结果表明：①保水剂的吸水倍率与其粒径大小呈负相关关系；②保水剂对土壤水分蒸发有明显的抑制效应，能显著提高土壤的水分含量；③保水剂会使土壤 pH 和电导率升高，降低土壤渗透性，土壤中液相比例增加的同时气相比例会相应减少。综合考虑 3 种不 同粒径保水剂对土壤理化性质的影响，中粒径保水剂改善效果最好，在施用量为 0.1% 时，对土壤的改良效果最为明显，亦不会产生明显副作用。 In this paper, the effects of super absorbent polymer ( SAP) on soil physical and chemical properties and the relationships among water absorbent capacity of SAP with three different granularities ( 2.0-3.2 mm, 1.0-2.0 mm and 0.5-1.0 mm) were studied in laboratory. The results showed that there was a negative correlation between water absorbent rate and SAP granularity. Soil moisture content could be significantly increased and soil evaporation could be restricted after applying SAP. Soil pH value and electrical conductivity could be increased after applying SAP, the proportion of liquid phase in soil could be increased, but that of gas phase decreased, and soil permeability could also be decreased. In general, the improving effects of SAP with medium granularity on soil physical and chemical properties, such as soil water content, pH value, total porosity, permeability and electrical conductivity, were the highest, especially when the proportion of applied SAP was 0.1%.

采用水热法在高压反应釜内的高温、高压超临界水热环境下，以去离子水为反应介质，使活性高且难溶于水的一氧化硅粉末（SiO）通过硅原子的重结晶成核生长出本征硅纳米线。通过温度控制仪控制高压反应釜内温度和压力的变化，探索制备硅纳米线的最佳水热条件。通过多次实验探索，得知水热法制备硅纳米线的最佳条件是温度大于等于 450℃、压力在 9 ～ 10MPa。然后通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散 X 射线光谱仪（EDX）、高分辨透射电（HRTEM）观察 SiNWs 的形貌和结构，分析其组成成分。通过 SEM 可观察到硅纳米线表面光滑、最小直径达 50nm 及长度为 3 ～ 5μm，由EDX 图像可知 SiNWs 中只有硅和氧两种元素，而且 Si ∶ O 原子数比为 3.5 ∶ 1.0。在 HRTEM 下可知硅 纳米线是由芯部的晶体硅结构和外部无定形的二氧化硅包覆层组成，且包覆层小于 5nm。研究了本征 SiNWs 的拉曼光谱，发现拉曼主峰蓝移且在低频发生不对称宽化，分析认为是硅纳米线中存在的压应力和缺陷导致的。同时，在实验的基础上解释水热法制备 SiNWs 的机制，SiO 在水热环境下歧化反应生成硅和二氧化硅，然后 Si 和 SiO2 开始堆叠生成SixO，即大量的纳米团簇，在一定温度下硅原子重结晶，同时在 SixO 的引导下沿一维方向生长。 Intrinsic silicon nanowires were prepared using hydrothermal method, with high activity silicon oxide powder (SiO) as raw material and deionized water as reaction medium, made through recrystallization and nucleation growth of the silicon atom in high temperature and high pressure supercritical water thermal environment in high pressure reaction kettle. The best hydrothermal conditions to prepare silicon nanowires were explored. It showed that the best condition of hydrothermal preparation of silicon nanowires was temperature of more than 450 ℃ and pressure of 9 ~ 10 MPa by multiple experiments exploration. Through the scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), the morphology and structure of SiNWs were observed and analyzed,and its components were analyzed. SEM showed that the surface of silicon nanowires was smooth,and its minimum diameter was 50 nm and its length was about 3 ~ 5μm. It could be seen that SiNWs was made up of only silicon and oxygen elements,and silicon and oxygen atom number ratio was 3.5 ∶ 1.0 by EDX image. Under the HRTEM, it showed that silicon nanowires was composed of crystalline silicon structure in the core and external amorphous silica cladding layer less than 5 nm. The Raman spectrum of intrinsic SiNWs showed that the Raman main peak occurred blue shift and asymmetric widening in low frequency due to the stress pressure and defect in SiNWs. The growth mechanism of preparation SiNWs by hydrothermal could be explained on the basis of experiment. SiO in water thermal environment reaction formed silicon and silicon dioxide by disproportionation, then Si and SiO2 began to stack formation a large number of nano clusters SixO,and silicon atom recrystallized in a certain temperature,at the same time, the nanowires grew under the guidance of the SixO SiNWs along the one dimensional direction.

介绍了如何选取、组织物理学史材料，并将之渗透在大学物理教育当中的一种应用方法。 This paper introduces how to select and organize the material of physics history, and how to apply it in university physics education.

物理学是一门令人激动的、有活力的、向新的方向持续发展的学科，“大学物理学”是国内外大学中非常重要的一门课程。通过多年的“非物理专业学生”物理教学实践与研究，笔者认为：非物理专业的学生学习物理学应注重应用性，教学中要重视思维方式、研究方法和知识运用等方面的训练，培养学生综合创新能力，提高学生科学素养。培养学生提出问题、分析和解决问题的能力，并对其以后的专业甚至职业产生影响。不能用物理系的教学模式去教“非物理专业”的学生。“大学物理学”课程应该与专业相结合，其内容必须保持一个基本体系，物理学中的哲学等文化的学习与物理知识本身的学习都相当重要。教学与科研二者并重、互相促进，培养学生的思辨表达能力，对学生进行科学思维训练等。 Physics is an exciting, dynamic, to the new direction of continuous development of the discipline, “university physics” is a very important course in universities at home and abroad. Through many years of physics teaching practice and research of “non-physics major students”, the author thinks that non-physics major students should pay attention to the application of physics, and pay attention to the training of thinking mode, research method and knowledge application in teaching, so as to cultivate students’ comprehensive innovation ability and improve their scientific accomplishment. Develop students’ ability to ask questions, analyze and solve problems, and influence their future majors and even careers. The teaching mode of physics department cannot be used to teach “non-physics major” students. The curriculum of “university physics” should be combined with the major, and its content must maintain a basic system. The study of philosophy and other cultures in physics and the study of physical knowledge itself are quite important. Teaching and scientific research should pay equal attention to each other, promote each other, train students’ ability of thinking and expression, and train students’ scientific thinking.

本文结合基础教育的改革与发展趋势，提出物理教学中加强学生创新能力培养的必要性。结合创新教育论述，物理教学中创新能力培养的渐进措施及创新教育环境的构建。 Combining with the reform and development trend of basiceducation, this paper puts forward the necessity of strengthening the cultivationof students' innovative ability in physics teaching. Based on the discussion ofinnovative education, the progressive measures to cultivate innovative ability inphysics teaching and the construction of innovative education environment arediscussed.